@article {santoriello_rna_2020,
	title = {RNA helicase DDX21 mediates nucleotide stress responses in neural crest and melanoma cells},
	journal = {Nature Cell Biology},
	volume = {22},
	number = {4},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Number: 4 Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {372{\textendash}379},
	abstract = {The availability of nucleotides has a direct impact on transcription. The inhibition of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) with leflunomide impacts nucleotide pools by reducing pyrimidine levels. Leflunomide abrogates the effective transcription elongation of genes required for neural crest development and melanoma growth in vivo1. To define the mechanism of action, we undertook an in vivo chemical suppressor screen for restoration of neural crest after leflunomide treatment. Surprisingly, we found that alterations in progesterone and progesterone receptor (Pgr) signalling strongly suppressed leflunomide-mediated neural crest effects in zebrafish. In addition, progesterone bypasses the transcriptional elongation block resulting from Paf complex deficiency, rescuing neural crest defects in ctr9 morphant and paf1(alnz24) mutant embryos. Using proteomics, we found that Pgr binds the RNA helicase protein Ddx21. ddx21-deficient zebrafish show resistance to leflunomide-induced stress. At a molecular level, nucleotide depletion reduced the chromatin occupancy of DDX21 in human A375 melanoma cells. Nucleotide supplementation reversed the gene expression signature and DDX21 occupancy changes prompted by leflunomide. Together, our results show that DDX21 acts as a sensor and mediator of transcription during nucleotide stress.},
	issn = {1476-4679},
	doi = {10.1038/s41556-020-0493-0},
	url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41556-020-0493-0},
	author = {Cristina Santoriello and Sporrij, Audrey and Yang, Song and Flynn, Ryan A. and Henriques, Telmo and Dorjsuren, Bilguujin and Custo Greig, Eugenia and McCall, Wyatt and Stanhope, Meredith E. and Fazio, Maurizio and Superdock, Michael and Lichtig, Asher and Adatto, Isaac and Brian J. Abraham and Kalocsay, Marian and Jurynec, Michael and Zhou, Yi and Adelman, Karen and Calo, Eliezer and Leonard I. Zon}
}
